#### Chapter 5 Geometry

Section 5.2 Angles and Angle Measurement

# 5.2.3 Angle Measurement

We already explained the notation $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)$ for the angle defined by rotating $g$ counter-clockwise to $h$. This explanation provides an idea of how to measure angles, i.e. how to compare angles quantitatively.
Think of the face of an analogue watch with its twelve evenly spaced hour marks. Likewise, the circumference of a circle can be evenly subdivided. In this way, a certain scale for angles is obtained. Depending on the applied scaling, the magnitude of an angle can be specified in different units.
Degree Measure.
A disk is subdivided into $360$ equal segments. A rotation by one segment defines an angle of $1$ degree. This is written as $1{}^{\circ }$. The figure below shows angles of multiples of $30{}^{\circ }$.

In ancient Babylonia, Egypt, and Greece people had already observed that the ratio of the circumference $U$ of a circle to its diameter $D$ is always the same, and hence circumference and diameter of a circle are proportional to each other. This ratio is called $\pi$.
##### The Number $\pi$ 5.2.6
Let a circle with circumference $U$ and diameter $D$ be given. Then, the ratio of the circumference $U$ of a circle to its diameter $D$ is

$\pi =\frac{U}{D}=\frac{U}{2r} ,$

where $r=\frac{1}{2}D$ is the radius of the circle.
The number $\pi$ is not a rational number. It cannot be expressed as a finite or periodic decimal fraction. From numerical calculations we know that the value of $\pi$ is approximately $\pi \approx 3.141592653589793$.

If the circle has a radius of exactly $1$, the circumference is $2\pi$. Now, for the radian measure the circumference of a circle with radius $1$ is subdivided. For the radian measure of an angle $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)$ the length of an arc "cut" by this angle is used. As a result, the radian measure assigns to every angle a number between $0$ and $2\pi$. In scientific applications, the symbol rad is used to express explicitly that the angle is measured in radian measure.
Let $g$ and $h$ be two half-lines starting in the same initial point $S$ and enclosing the angle $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)$. If a circle with radius $r=1$ is drawn around $S$, the two half-lines cut the circle into two pieces. Now, the angle is described by the one arc $x$ that transforms $g$ into $h$ by a counter-clockwise rotation (indicated by a green line in the figure below). In other words, vertex $S$ is always on the left if one moves on the arc $x$ from $g$ towards $h$.

The length of the arc $x$ is the radian measure of the angle $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)$.

By means of an angle measure (such as the radian and degree measures introduced previously), angles can simply be classified into different types and named accordingly.
For repetition and completeness, all names, including ones previously discussed, are listed below.
##### Names of Different Types of Angles 5.2.8
For angles whose radian measure is in a certain range, the following names are introduced:
• An angle with a radian measure greater than $0$ and less than $\frac{\pi }{2}$ is called an acute angle.
• An angle with a radian measure of exactly $\frac{\pi }{2}$ is called a right angle.
• An angle with a radian measure greater than $\frac{\pi }{2}$ and less than $\pi$ is called an obtuse angle.
• An angle with a radian measure greater than $\pi$ and less than $2\pi$ is called a reflex angle.

Two half-lines are said to be perpendicular to each other if they form a right angle.
Two half-lines form a line if they enclose an angle of radian measure $\pi$.

From the radian measure of the angle $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)$, the radian measure of the angle $\measuredangle \left(h,g\right)$ can also be determined. From definition 5.2.7 it is known that

$\measuredangle \left(h,g\right)=2\pi -\measuredangle \left(g,h\right) .$

In the figure of definition 5.2.7 the radian measure of the angle $\measuredangle \left(h,g\right)$ is the length of the red arc of the circle with radius $r=1$.
The wording in the last sentences might seem awkward. The reason for that lies probably in the fact that we do distinguish precisely between an angle and its measure, e.g. the radian measure in this case.
When it comes to calculating a required value for line segments, the same notation is often used for a segment and its length. Mostly this is clear, and it helps to describe or to illustrate a problem efficiently. Importantly, the unit of the angle has to be known or explicitly specified. Often, such an agreement - a so-called convention - is also used if it is known from the context that a certain angle has to be calculated using a certain angle measure.
##### Convention 5.2.9
If a calculation does not depend on a certain measure or the unit of the angles is specified in advance, the term angle is used for short denoting both the angle itself and its value in the specified measure.
Hence, for example, we can write $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)=90{}^{\circ }$ and speak about the right angle $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)$ enclosed by the lines $g$ and $h$ at the same time. The same idea applies for the radian measure.
The value of an angle can be converted from radian measure to degree measure (and vice versa) by considering the ratios of its value to the value of the complete angle in the respective angle measure.
The conversion from radian measure to degree measure is described below.
##### Relation between Radian Measure and Degree Measure 5.2.10
Let $g$ and $h$ be two half-lines enclosing the angle $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)$. The radian measure of the angle is denoted by $x$ and the degree measure of the angle is denoted by $\alpha$.
Then, the ratio of $x$ to $2\pi$ equals the ratio of $\alpha$ to $360{}^{\circ }$, and thus:

$\frac{x}{2\pi }=\frac{\alpha }{360{}^{\circ }} .$

Hence,

Therefore, the values in radian measure are proportional to the ones in degree measure. Thus, the conversion using the respective proportionality factors $\frac{\pi }{180{}^{\circ }}$ and $\frac{180{}^{\circ }}{\pi }$ is very simple.
##### Exercise 5.2.11
The angle $\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)$ equals $60{}^{\circ }$ in degree measure. Calculate the angle in radian measure:
$\measuredangle \left(g,h\right)=$ .
Enter $\pi$ as pi. Alternatively, you can enter your result rounded to three decimal digits.

##### Exercise 5.2.12
The angle $\beta$ equals $\pi /4$ in radian measure. Find its value in degree measure.
$\beta =$
${}^{\circ }$.

##### Exercise 5.2.13
The values of the six angles ${\alpha }_{1},\dots ,{\alpha }_{6}$ are specified either in degree measure or in radian measure. Convert their values to the other measure.
 ${\alpha }_{1}$ ${\alpha }_{2}$ ${\alpha }_{3}$ ${\alpha }_{4}$ ${\alpha }_{5}$ ${\alpha }_{6}$ Radian measure $\pi$ $\frac{2\pi }{3}$ $\frac{11\pi }{12}$ Degree measure $324$ $270$ $30$

Enter $\pi$ as pi. Alternatively, you can enter your result rounded to three decimal digits.